Menteng 01 Elementary School, Menteng, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: Digital transformation in education has become a key priority in Indonesia, with the Merdeka Curriculum (Kurikulum Merdeka) emphasizing the need for innovative, contextually relevant, and technology-enhanced learning approaches. This paper presents the design and implementation of an AI-Enhanced Ethno-Realistic Mathematics Learning (AI-ERML) ecosystem for primary mathematics education in Indonesia. Grounded in ethnomathematics theory and Realistic Mathematics Education (RME), the AI-ERML ecosystem integrates cultural contexts, real-world problems, and artificial intelligence to create meaningful and inclusive mathematics learning experiences. The ecosystem features three interconnected layers—cultural context, realistic inquiry, and AI scaffolding—supporting five core components: Cultural Mathematics Explorer, Realistic Problem Solver, AI Scaffolding Companion, Digital Numeracy Portfolio, and Community Learning Hub. Artificial intelligence functions as a "cultural mathematics translator" that connects traditional wisdom with modern mathematical concepts, providing personalized scaffolding and adaptive feedback to students. The ecosystem was implemented with 98 Grade 4 students at Menteng 01 Elementary School in Jakarta over a 14-week "Numbers and Operations" unit. Results indicate significant improvements in mathematical understanding (d = 0.87), problem-solving abilities (d = 0.92), and mathematics attitudes (d = 0.74). Students reported high levels of engagement and connection with their cultural heritage, with 91% expressing that mathematics felt more relevant to their daily lives. Teachers noted that the ecosystem helped reduce the achievement gap and made mathematics more accessible to diverse learners. The study contributes to the growing body of research on culturally responsive technology-enhanced mathematics education and offers practical implications for Indonesian primary school teachers implementing the Merdeka Curriculum.

Keywords: AI in education; ethnomathematics; realistic mathematics education; primary mathematics; digital learning ecosystem; Merdeka Curriculum; Indonesia