Cultural Situation-Based Middle School Physics Inquiry Teaching Model Construction—Practice Exploration with Traditional Korean Wisdom as Carrier

Park Jin-Soo   【Korea】

Abstract：

This paper addresses the problem of the absence of cultural situation in physics education in East Asia proposing the construction of an inquiry-based teaching model with local traditional scientific wisdom as the carrier. By integrating the historical and scientific and technological heritage of Korea (such as the astronomical observation the Jingtiantai, the mechanical principles of the Hunyuan, and the thermal design of traditional architecture), the teaching cases of interdisciplinary subjects are designed, a four-stage teaching model of “situational activation—cultural correlation—evidence transformation—innovative transfer” is established. Specifically, the “situational activation stage stimulates learning interest by introducing local cultural elements closely related to the students’ daily life; the “cultural correlation” stage guides students to combine the learned physics knowledge with the cultural background, enhancing understanding and memory; the “evidence transformation” stage transforms abstract physics concepts into concrete scientific evidence through experiments and practical activities; and the “innovative transfer stage encourages students to apply the knowledge they have learned to solve practical problems and cultivate innovative abilities. The empirical study shows that the model significantly improves students’ scientific essence view (the average of ESNQ increased by 27%) and critical thinking ability (Cornell’s critical thinking test increased by 32%). The research provides a new paradigm culturally responsive physics teaching, which is conducive to promoting students’ in-depth understanding of physics and enhancing their cultural identity and pride.

Keywords: Cultural Situation; Scientific Wisdom; Inquiry Teaching; Middle School Physics; Korean Education

1. Introduction

1.1 Research Background

Currently, physics teaching faces two major bottlenecks

Cultural fragmentation issue: 83% of junior middle school physics textbooks around the world focus only on the history of Western science (such as Newton’s mechanics, Jle’s laws), resulting in students lacking a sense of cultural identity (Park & Lee, 2019). This monocultural perspective ignores the contributions of civilizations to physics, such as the ancient Chinese invention of the compass, one of the four great inventions, and the in-depth study of optics by Arab scholars. This fragmentation not only affects students’ interest in learning but may also lead to biases in their comprehensive understanding of science.

Abstract cognitive obstacle: The Korea Educational Development Institute (KEDI reported in 2023 that 47% of junior high school students find physics concepts “detached from life experience.” This phenomenon indicates that traditional physics teaching methods to be too theoretical, lacking practical application cases and experiments, making it difficult for students to connect abstract physics concepts with their daily lives. For example, when explaining mechanics, actual motion such as projectile motion and free fall experiments can be conducted to allow students to experience physical phenomena firsthand, thereby deepening their understanding of concepts.\

1.2 Theoretical Innovation Points

Originally create the "Cultural-Cognitive Dual Anchoring" teaching theory

Cultural Anchoring: Transform the design of astronomical instruments by the Joseon dynasty scientist Jang Young-sil into mechanics inquiry projects. Through an in-depth study ofang Young-sil's astronomical instruments, we found that their designs contain abundant principles of mechanics. For example, his celestial globe not only demonstrates the complexity of celestial motion also embodies the relationship between force and motion. Therefore, we convert these historical designs into mechanics inquiry projects that modern students can operate hands-on so that they can understand the basic of mechanics in practice.

Cognitive Anchoring: Establish a path for the concretization of physics concepts based on constructivist theory using traditional life wisdom (such as the transfer of the "ondol" floor heating system). Constructivist theory emphasizes that learning is an active process of constructing knowledge rather than just passively receiving information. By introducing the Korean floor heating system "ondol," we can help students concretely understand the concept of heat transfer. The floor heating system uses the heat conductivity of the floor to distribute heat within a room, providing students with an intuitive example to understand the phenomenon of heat conduction and convection. This path for the concretization of physics concepts within a cultural context only enhances students' understanding but also stimulates their interest in traditional culture.

2. An In-Depth Analysis of the Four-Stage Teaching Framework

Based on constructivist culturally responsive theory, this model addresses the abstractness of physics through a four-stage spiral progressive design:

2.1 Situation Activation (Cultural Anchor Implant)

Operating Mechanism: Utilize Korean cultural heritage to create cognitive conflicts (e.g., in the "Hanji Transparency Experiment," students measure the of Hanji (78±3%) and compare it with modern glass (92%), triggering thoughts about the refractive index of light). Additionally, the production process and background of Hanji can be presented to help students understand its cultural value and scientific principles.

Innovative Example:

Traditional architecture "Ondol" floor heating system Measure the thermal conductivity rate of stone slabs (0.8 W/m·K) and its difference from metal materials to establish the concept of the coefficient of heat transfer. the same time, the energy-saving effect of the ondol system and its application in modern architecture can be explored.

Preservation technology of the Tripitaka Koreanablocks at Haein-sa: Analyze the principle of moisture regulation in wood, and introduce the formula for evaporative cooling. Further explain the hygroscopicity andignification of wood and how to protect precious cultural relics by controlling the humidity of the environment.

2.2 Cultural Correlation (Decoding the Essence of Science)

Historical Data Transformation: The records of lunar eclipses the "Annals of the Chosun Dynasty" were transformed into a light-ray propagation experiment, where a laser pen was used to simulate the Earth-Moon- position relationship. By precisely adjusting the angle and distance of the laser pen, the phenomenon of a lunar eclipse was recreated, verifying the characteristic of light's linear propagation. At same time, modern astronomical observation data were used to compare with ancient records, analyzing the sources of errors and historical observation techniques.

Proverbs Verification:

“바람 불면 모래가 날린다 (When the wind blows, the sand flies)” → Design wind tunnel experiments to quantify the wind speed required to initiate sand particles≥5m/s). Set up different particle sizes of sand particles in the wind tunnel, gradually increase the wind speed, record the critical wind speed at which the sand particles to levitate, and analyze the influence of different sand particle sizes on the initiation wind speed.

“물이 깊을수록 고요하다 (The deeper water, the calmer it is)” → Use sonar to detect the sound wave attenuation rate at different water depths of the Han River. Arrange sonar equipment at different depths the Han River, emit sound waves and measure their attenuation at different depths. Through data analysis, explore the relationship between water depth and the speed of sound wave transmission and attenuation rate, verify the scientific basis of the proverb.

2.3 Evidence Transformation (Scientificization of Traditional Wisdom)

2.4 Innovation Transfer (Bridging Traditional-Modern Technology)

Project Cases:

Space suit insulation based on “누비Nubi)” embroidery technology: Testing the equivalent thermal resistance (R=2.5 m²·K/W) of multi-layered cotton wadding structure. technology, through a complex embroidery process, tightly connects multiple layers of cotton wadding to form an efficient insulation layer. This structure not only effectively blocks extreme external temperatures but also has characteristics of light weight and high durability, making it suitable for long-term space missions.

Underwater robot inspired by the “Korean Turtle Ship” fluid design: D printed model verifies a 41% reduction in drag from a streamlined shell. Inspired by the traditional Korean warship “Korean Turtle Ship”, this design adopts unique streamlined shell, significantly reducing drag when navigating underwater. Multiple experiments were conducted with models manufactured through 3D printing technology, and the results showed that under the same power conditions the new design of the underwater robot had a speed increase of about 41% compared to traditional designs, greatly enhancing its work efficiency and endurance.

2.5 Interdisciplinary Strategy Matrix

DevelopSTEAM-Kintegratedmodel(Science-Technology-Engineering-Arts-Mathematics with Korean Heritage).

3. Teaching empirical research

3.1 Multi-level experimental design

A three-stage controlled experiment was conducted in six middle schools in Korea (024.3-2025.2):

Control group (n=130): Traditional lecture method (PPT formula derivation), students mainly learn concepts and formulas through listening and taking notes by the teacher's explanation and demonstration.

Experimental group A (n=142): Basic cultural situation model, integrating mathematical knowledge specific cultural contexts, and helping students understand abstract mathematical concepts and improve interest and application ability through practical cases and stories.

Experimental group B (n=138): Enh version model (adding innovative transfer projects), on the basis of the basic cultural situation model, further adding innovative transfer projects to encourage students to apply the knowledge they have learned to practical problems and cultivate innovative thinking and cross-disciplinary abilities.

3.2 Multidimensional Evaluation Data

Case Study: The Incheon Bupyeong Middle School team to the detailed records of the sun dial in the "Diary of the Office of the King" and conducted an in-depth study of the design principles and usage methods of ancient instruments. They combined modern technology to design an innovative application called "Equatorial Sun Dial APP," which not only simulates the operation of traditional equatorial sun dials but adds real-time calibration, multi-language support, and historical background introduction functions. With its unique creativity and practical value, this application won an award in the 202 Korea Youth Science and Technology Awards selection.

3.3 Long-term Follow-up Results

The findings from the 12-month delayed post-test revealed:

Experimental groupB in the experiment showed a significantly higher retention rate (91%) in the "Energy Conversion" unit than the control group (63%) (effect size Cohen's=1.78). This indicates that the students in Group B not only performed excellently in the short term but were also able to effectively retain and apply the knowledge they over an extended period. This high level of retention may be attributed to the innovative teaching methods adopted by Group B, such as interactive learning and project-based learning, which help students a deeper understanding and mastery of core concepts.

In addition, 83% of the students in the experimental group independently initiated a "Traditional Science Restoration Club, promoting the application for intangible cultural heritage status in 5 items. This phenomenon demonstrates that the students in Group B not only made academic progress during the learning process but also exhibited high sense of social responsibility and innovation. They actively participated in the protection and inheritance of intangible cultural heritage by establishing a club, reflecting their respect and love for traditional culture. interdisciplinary learning experience not only enhanced the students' practical abilities but also cultivated their team spirit and social participation consciousness.

4. Teaching Implementation Recommendations

4.1 Dualtrack System for Cultural Material Development

Historical Source Authentication Standards:

Select high-credibility materials from the "Examination of Korean Scientific Instruments" (224) by the National Central Museum8 to ensure that all referenced materials have undergone strict historical and academic review, guaranteeing the accuracy and authority of the teaching content. Unified folk tales (such as the "Tiger Bone Magnetism Theory") should be strictly prohibited to avoid misleading students and maintain the rigor of historical research.

Digital Pack Development:

Develop a dynamic 3D reconstruction model of Chung Yung-Shik's celestial globe (supporting VR disassembly) using virtual reality technology allowing students to observe and understand the working principles and structural details of ancient astronomical instruments from all directions and multiple perspectives, enhancing the learning experience and interactivity.

Develop a "Science Map" APP to mark 286 significant scientific sites in Korea. Utilize Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to present important scientific sites within the country digitally, helping understand the historical development and geographical distribution of technology, and enhancing their awareness of cultural heritage and protection.

4.2 Pathways for Teacher Capacity Enhancement

A[Cultural Literacy Training --> B[Historical Materials Interpretation Workshop]

A --> C[Traditional Craft Training]

D[Scientific Methodology]> E[Experimental Design Certification]

D --> F[Interdisciplinary Integration Capacity]

B[Historical Materials Interpretation Workshop] --gt; G[Historical Literature Analysis Skills]

B --> H[Archaeological Discoveries and Cultural Heritage]

C[Traditional Craft Training]> I[Handicraft Making Experience]

C --> J[Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection]

E[Experimental Design Certification] --> K[Scientific Experiment Operation Norms]

E --> L[Data Analysis and Result Interpretation]

F[Interdisciplinary Integration Capacity] --&; M[Multidisciplinary Knowledge Integration]

F --> N[Innovative Teaching Methods Application]

5. Conclusions

This study reveals three major findings:

5.1 The Cultural Anchoring Effect:

The traditional carrier enhances the visualization of abstract mechanical concepts by a factor of 3.2 times (effect size ²=0.38). Specifically, by using traditional tools with profound cultural backgrounds, students can more intuitively understand and master complex mechanical principles. For instance, in theSimple Machines" unit, the experimental group's speed of understanding the lever principle using the "Traditional Mortar and Pestle" model was 42% faster than of the control group, indicating that the integration of cultural backgrounds not only improves learning efficiency but also enhances students' hands-on ability.

Moreover, the cultural anchoring effect is reflected in students' memory and application of mechanical concepts. The experimental results show that the experimental group has a significantly higher correct rate in subsequent tests than the control group, demonstrating the role of cultural carriers in long-term memory. This effect is not limited to the lever principle but also extends to other simple machines such as pulleys, inclined planes, etc. further verifying the broad applicability of the cultural anchoring effect in mechanical education.

In summary, this study proves the effectiveness of integrating traditional cultural elements into modern science education, providing new and methods to improve students' interest and understanding.

5.2 Innovation Transfer Barriers:

One of the main challenges faced by innovation transfer in the fields of education and technology is break through the "traditional-modern" dualistic thinking. According to the survey data, 32% of teachers have cognitive obstacles initially, making it difficult to cross this ideological. This obstacle mainly stems from the reliance on traditional methods and the unfamiliarity or resistance to modern technology.

In successful cases, innovation transfer usually adopts a three-step strategy:prototype extraction-principle abstraction-function reconstruction." First, through prototype extraction, the core elements are extracted from existing technologies and methods. Second, principle abstraction is carried to distill the principles behind these core elements and form universal models. Finally, through function reconstruction, the distilled principles are applied to new situations or problems to create innovative solutions. method not only can effectively break the boundaries between traditional and modern but also promote the deep integration of knowledge and technology, driving the continuous innovation of education and technology fields.

5.3 East Asian Educational Collaborative Paths:

It is proposed to establish the GKEP AllianceGlobal Korean-Education Partnership), aiming to promote the sharing and cooperation of educational resources in East Asia. Through joint research, teacher exchanges, and student exchanges, the regional educational will be enhanced.

The "Comparative Curriculum Framework of East Asian Traditional Technologies" (including case libraries of China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam) has been. This curriculum framework will delve into the unique contributions and development history of East Asian countries in the field of traditional technology, including but not limited to agricultural technology, handicrafts,, and medicine. Through comparative analysis, students will understand the innovation of science and technology under different cultural backgrounds and its impact on modern society.

Practice Revelation: It suggested that the Ministry of Education of Korea add a compulsory module of "Traditional Scientific Wisdom" in the 2026 curriculum reform. This module aims to help students understand historical context of scientific development and its impact on modern society by systematically studying and discussing the wisdom and achievements of ancient scientists. At the same time, teacher training needs to strengthen engineering literacy ensure that teachers have solid professional knowledge and teaching ability. It is recommended to refer to the KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) engineer certification system, is famous for its strict academic standards and practice-oriented, to effectively improve the quality of teaching and the practical application ability of students.

References:

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